Given the trend of maternal aging, health insurance for maternity and infants can be developed through commercial insurance to provide medical protection for mothers and the possibility of newborns suffering from congenital defects. However, in addition to maternal ages and insurance year data, many important risk factors still need to be considered in deciding the pricing and risk management of maternal and infant insurance policies. This study has been constructed on the basis of the National Health Insurance Research Database from the Health and Welfare Data Science Center of Taiwan to extensively explore the relationship between maternal pregnancy risk factors and neonatal congenital defects. The results show a quadratic relationship between maternal ages and neonatal defect rates, and maternal pregnancy risks contribute the most in explaining the neonatal defect rate. In addition, mothers living outside the six special municipalities also have a higher neonatal congenital defect rate, though its annual tendency has been decreased gradually.
Keywords: pregnancy risk factors, congenital defects, prenatal health care, maternity and infant health insurance policies, generalized linear model

Using the microdata of the 2015-2019 American Community Survey, this paper creates the Mainstream market value (MMV) as an alternative to Lieberson's net difference (ND) for measuring educational attainment, and uses the examples of seven Asian (Taiwanese, Indian, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, and Vietnamese) immigrant stocks to demonstrate the usefulness of MMV for studying the predictive power of educational attainment on real wage as well as the intergenerational transitions in educational attainment. In addition to showing that MMV is stronger than ND in predicting real wage, we obtained the following results. First, the intergenerational transitions of these immigrant stocks in educational attainment converged towards a level much high than that of the Mainstream. Second, the stock of Vietnamese immigrants, who came to the U.S. mostly as refugees with low educational attainment and their relatives, was not assimilated into the ghetto culture. Their U.S.-born descendants surpassed not only the Mainstream but also their Filipino and Japanese counterparts in both educational attainment and real wage. Their impressive achievement is worth the emulation by other minority groups that are trapped in a cycle of poverty. Third, for every one of the seven immigrant stocks, the intergenerational transition in educational attainment surpassed gender equality. We infer from these findings that these Asian immigrants were selective preservers of the value systems of their source countries. They mostly maintained strong work ethic and dedication to their children's education but seemed to have discarded male preference.
Keywords: American Community Survey, Asian immigrant, intergenerational transition, immigration, Mainstream market value